V. 77 N. 5 (2022)
Articoli Scientifici

Impatto dell’ozono troposferico sulle foreste italiane: applicazione di metodologie innovative per il monitoraggio in foresta:

PDF
  • Jacopo Manzini,
  • Yasutomo Hoshika,
  • Barbara Baesso Moura,
  • Elena Paoletti
Jacopo Manzini
Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italia. DAGRI, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italia.
Yasutomo Hoshika
Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italia.
Barbara Baesso Moura
Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italia.DAGRI, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italia.
Elena Paoletti
Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italia.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/lifm-1078

Pubblicato 2022-12-02

Parole chiave

  • O3 troposferico,
  • Dose fitotossica di ozono,
  • Indicatori di salute delle foreste,
  • Monitoraggio forestale

Come citare

Manzini, J., Hoshika, Y., Baesso Moura, B., & Paoletti, E. (2022). Impatto dell’ozono troposferico sulle foreste italiane: applicazione di metodologie innovative per il monitoraggio in foresta: . L’Italia Forestale E Montana, 77(5), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.36253/lifm-1078

Copyright (c) 2022 L'Italia Forestale e Montana

Creative Commons License

Questo lavoro è fornito con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale 4.0 Internazionale.

Abstract

L’ozono troposferico (O3) è uno dei principali inquinanti atmosferici e può arrecare gravi danni agli ecosistemi forestali a causa del suo elevato potenziale fitotossico. Il monitoraggio dell’O3 in foresta è, pertanto, fondamentale per poterne studiare l’effetto nocivo sulla vegetazione e stabilire i livelli critici per la protezione del patrimonio boschivo. In questo lavoro sono riportati i risultati dell’applicazione di innovative stazioni di monitoraggio attivo in foresta, installate nell’ambito del progetto europeo LIFE MOTTLES (MOnitoring ozone injury for seTTing new critical LEvelS). Le aree sperimentali sono state selezionate all’interno della rete CON.ECO.FOR, e in esse sono stati stimati due diversi indici cumulati basati sull'esposizione all’O3 in atmosfera (AOT40) e sul flusso stomatico di O3 (PODY), poi correlati ad indicatori di salute della vegetazione quali sintomi visibili fogliari e defogliazione della chioma, valutati sia all’interno (ITP) che lungo il margine della foresta (LESS), per derivare i livelli critici basati sull'esposizione (CLec) e sul flusso (CLef). I risultati suggeriscono CLec e CLef rispettivamente di 17000 e 19000 ppb h AOT40 e 12 e 5 mmol m-2 POD1 per conifere e latifoglie. Il monitoraggio attivo consente di poter definire e aggiornare regolarmente livelli critici e standard legislativi per la protezione delle foreste ed inoltre, rispetto al tradizionale monitoraggio passivo, è risultato essere anche maggiormente sostenibile da un punto di vista ambientale, economico e sociale sul lungo periodo.

PDF

Riferimenti bibliografici

  1. Agathokleous E., Feng Z., Oksanen E., Sicard P., Wang Q., Saitanis C. J., Araminiene V., Blande J.D., Hayes F., Calatayud V., Domingos M., Veresoglou S.D., Peñuelas J., Wardle D.A., De Marco A., Li Z., Harmens H., Yuan X., Vitale M., Paoletti E., 2020 - Ozone affects plant, insect, and soil microbial communities: A threat to terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. Science Advances, 6 (33): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc1176
  2. Ainsworth E.A., Yendrek C.R., Sitch S., Collins W.J., Emberson L.D., 2012 - The effects of tropospheric ozone on net primary productivity and implications for climate change. Annual review of plant biology, 63 (1): 637-661. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103829
  3. Anav A., De Marco A., Proietti C., Alessandri A., Dell’Aquila A., Cionni I., Friedlingstein P., Khvorostyanov D., Menut L., Paoletti E., Sicard P., Sitch S., Vitale M., 2016 - Comparing concentration-based (AOT40) and stomatal uptake (PODY) metrics for ozone risk assessment to European forests. Global Change Biology, 22 (4): 1608-1627. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13138
  4. Calatayud V., Cerveró J., Sanz M. J., 2007 - Foliar, Physiological and growth responses of four maple species exposed to ozone. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 185: 239-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9446-5
  5. Carrari E., De Marco A., Laschi A., Badea O., Dalstein-Richier L., Fares S., Leca S., Marchi E., Sicard P., Popa I., Hoshika Y., Materassi A., Pallante G., Pitar D., Paoletti E., 2021 - Economic and Life Cycle Analysis of Passive and Active Monitoring of Ozone for Forest Protection. Environments, 8, 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/ environments8100104.
  6. CLRTAP, 2017 - Mapping Critical Levels for Vegetation, Chapter III of Manual on methodologies and criteria for modelling and mapping critical loads and levels and air pollution effects, risks and trends. UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. A ccessed on 01st July 2022 on Web at www.icpmapping.org
  7. De Marco A., Sicard P., Vitale M., Carriero G., Renou C., Paoletti E., 2015 - Metrics of ozone risk assessment for Southern European forests: canopy moisture content as a potential plant response indicator. Atmospheric Environment, 120: 182-190. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.071.
  8. European Council Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 21st May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Official Journal, L, 152 (2008): 1-44.
  9. Hoshika Y., Fares S., Savi F., Gruening C., Goded I., De Marco A., Sicard P., Paoletti E., 2017 - Stomatal conductance models for ozone risk assessment at canopy level in two Mediterranean evergreen forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 234: 212-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.01.005
  10. Hoshika Y., Carrari E., Mariotti B., Martini S., De Marco A., Sicard P., Paoletti E., 2020 - Flux-Based Ozone Risk Assessment for a Plant Injury Index (PII) in Three European Cool-Temperate Deciduous Tree Species. Forests, 11 (82): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11010082
  11. Karmakar S.P., Das A.B., Gurung C., Ghosh C., 2022 - Effects of Ozone on Plant Health and Environment: A Mini Review.
  12. Li P., De Marco A., Feng Z., Anav A., Zhou D., Paoletti E., 2018 - Nationwide ground-level ozone measurements in China suggest serious risks to forests. Environmental Pollution, 237: 803-813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.002
  13. Lorenzini G., Nali C., Biagioni M., 1995 - Long range transport of photochemical ozone over the Tyrrhenian Sea demonstrated by a new miniaturized bioassay with ozone-sensitive tobacco seedlings. The Science of the Total Environment, 166: 193-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04531-5
  14. Mills G., Pleijel H., Malley C.S., Sinha B., Cooper O.R., Schultz M.G., Neufeld H.S., Simpson D., Sharps S., Feng Z., Gerosa G., Harmens H., Kobayashi K., Saxena P., Paoletti E., Sinha V., Xu X., 2018 - Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report: present-day tropospheric ozone distribution and trends relevant to vegetation. Elementa Science of the Anthropocene, 6. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.302
  15. Moura B.B., Alves E.S., Marabesi M.A., Ribeiro de Souza S., Schaub M., Vollenweider P., 2018 - Ozone affects leaf physiology and causes injury to foliage of native tree species from the tropical Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. Science of Total Environment, 610-611: 912-925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.130
  16. Musselman R.C., Lefohn A.S., Massman W.J., Heath R.L., 2006 - A critical review and analysis of the use of exposure-and flux-based ozone indices for predicting vegetation effects. Atmospheric Environment, 40 (10): 1869-1888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.064
  17. Nunn A.J., Kozovits A.R., Reiter I.M., Heerdt C., Leuchner M., Lutz C., Liu X., Low M., Winkler J.B., 2005 - Comparison of ozone uptake and sensitivity between a phytotron study with young beech and a field experiment with adult beech (Fagus sylvatica). Environmental Pollution, 137: 494-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.01.036
  18. Paoletti E., Petriccione B., Racalbuto S., 2005 - Elevate concentrazioni di ozono nell’Italia mediterranea: una sfida alle foreste? Forest@, 2 (1): 130-140. [online] URL: http://www.sisef.it/. https://doi.org/10.3832/efor0269-0020130
  19. Paoletti E., 2006 - Ozone impacts on Mediterranean forests: A review. Environmental Pollution, 144: 463-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.12.051
  20. Paoletti E., 2007 - L’ozono ed i suoi effetti sulle foreste mediterranee. Forest@, 4 (4): 478-487. [online] URL: http://www.sisef.it/forest@/. https://doi.org/10.3832/efor0490-0040478
  21. Paoletti E., 2009 - Ozone and urban forests in Italy. Environmental pollution, 157 (5): 1506-1512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.019
  22. Paoletti E., Materassi A., Fasano G., Hoshika Y., Carriero G., Silaghi D., Badea O., 2017 - A new-generation 3D ozone FACE (Free Air Controlled Exposure). Science of the Total Environment, 575: 1407-1414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.217
  23. Paoletti E., Alivernini A., Anav A., Badea O., Carrari E., Chivulescu S., Conte A., Ciriani M.L., Dalstein-Richer L., De Marco A., Fares S., Fasano G., Giovannelli A., Lazzara M., Leca S., Materassi A., Moretti V., Pitar D., Popa I., Sabatini F., Salvati L., Sicard P., Sorgi T., Hoshika, Y., 2019 - Toward stomatal-flux based forest protection against ozone: The MOTTLES approach. Science of the Total Environment, 691: 516-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.525
  24. Proietti C., Anav A., De Marco A., Sicard P., Vitale M., 2016 - A multi-sites analysis on the ozone effects on Gross Primary Production of European forests. Science of the total environment, 556: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.187
  25. Sacchelli S., Carrari E., Paoletti E., Anav A., Hoshika Y., Sicard P., Screpanti A., Chirici G., Cocozza C., De Marco A., 2021 - Economic impacts of ambient ozone pollution on wood production in Italy. Scientific reports, 11: 154. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80516-6
  26. Saitanis C.J., Sicard P., De Marco A., Feng Z., Paoletti E., Agathokleous E., 2020 - On the atmospheric ozone monitoring methodologies. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 18: 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2020.07.004
  27. Schaub M., Calatayud V., Ferretti M., Brunialti G., Lövblad G., Krause G., Sanz M.J., 2016 - Part VIII: Monitoring of Ozone Injury. In: UNECE ICP Forests Programme Coordinating Centre (ed) Manual on methods and criteria for harmonized sampling, assessment, monitoring and analysis of the effects of air pollution on forests. Eberswalde, Germany: Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, 14 p. + annex.
  28. Sicard P., De Marco A., Troussier F., Renou C., Vas N., Paoletti E., 2013 - Decrease in surface ozone concentrations at Mediterranean remote sites and increase in the cities. Atmospheric Environment, 79: 705-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.07.042
  29. Sicard P., De Marco A., Dalstein-Richier L., Tagliaferro F., Renou C., Paoletti, E., 2016 - An epidemiological assessment of stomatal ozone flux-based critical levels for visible ozone injury in Southern European forests. Science of the Total Environment, 541: 729-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.07.042
  30. Sicard P., Anav A., De Marco A., Paoletti E., 2017- Projected global ground-level ozone impacts on vegetation under different emission and climate scenarios. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17: 12177-12196. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12177-2017
  31. Sicard P., De Marco A., Carrari E., Dalstein-Richier L., Hoshika Y., Badea O., Pitar D., Fares S., Conte A., Popa I., Paoletti E., 2020 - Epidemiological derivation of flux-based critical levels for visible ozone injury in European forests. Journal of Forestry Research, 31 (5): 1509-1519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-020-01191-x
  32. Sicard P., Hoshika Y., Carrari E., De Marco A., Paoletti E., 2021 - Testing visible ozone injury within a Light Exposed Sampling Site as a proxy for ozone risk assessment for European forests. Journal of Forest Research, 32: 1351-1359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01327-7
  33. UNECE, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 2010 - Mapping critical levels for vegetation. Manual on Methodologies and Criteria for Modelling and Mapping Critical Loads & Levels and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on Long range Transboundary Air Pollution. Geneva, 254 p.
  34. Yasmen A.M., Sinan J.M., 2012 - Measurement of ground level ozone at different locations. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8 (3): 311. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2012.311.321

Puoi leggere altri articoli dello stesso autore/i