Vol. 81 No. 2s (2026): Conference Proceedings Old-Growth Forests and Ancient Trees: A Treasure of Nature, Life and Culture, Firenze 1 October 2025 / Vallombrosa 2-3 October 2025
Reviews

Saving space for the long now: old-growth forests and ancient trees in the Anthropocene

Charles H. Cannon
Applied Research Center for Tropical Plant Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China 666303.

Published 2026-10-06

Keywords

  • dendromorphism,
  • forest conservation,
  • deep time

How to Cite

Cannon, C. H. (2026). Saving space for the long now: old-growth forests and ancient trees in the Anthropocene. L’Italia Forestale E Montana, 81(2s), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.36253/ifm-1260

Abstract

Old-growth forests and ancient trees embody a profound temporal and spatial otherness that stands in stark contrast to the accelerated, unmoored rhythms of Anthropocene human societies. This paper bridges dendrological science, environmental philosophy, and conservation policy to argue that arboreal life constitutes an irreplaceable form of non-human being requiring deliberate, multi-scale protection. It first distinguishes between old-growth forest ecosystems that form complex collective networks perceived culturally as both sacred sanctuary and forbidding wilderness and solitary ancient heritage trees, widely venerated as individual touchstones of deep time embedded often within human landscapes. Drawing on recent physiological research, the paper introduces the framework of dendromorphism: the modular, adaptive, indeterminate growth pattern of trees that escapes programmed senescence, accumulates heritable somatic mutations, and sustains a youthful living envelope over ancient structural biomass. This unique biology produces organisms that integrate centuries of environmental experience within a single permanently rooted existence. Situating the argument within a 4,000-year cultural arc from the Epic of Gilgamesh to the Long Now Foundation, the paper concludes with three actionable conservation strategies: strict old-growth forest preservation, systematic stewardship of ancient heritage trees, and intentional landscape-wide recruitment of successor tree cohorts to sustain arboreal deep time into future millennia.

References

  1. Balogh, A. L. (2022). Mapping the path to ecological reparation: An ecopsychological reading of the Epic of Gilgamesh and its implications for the study of religion. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 90(1), 86–120. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfac020
  2. Bialic-Murphy, L., McElderry, R. M., Esquivel-Muelbert, A., van den Hoogen, J., Zuidema, P. A., Phillips, O. L., de Oliveira, E. A., Alvarez Loayza, P., Alvarez-Davila, E., Crowther, T. W., Alves, L. F., Maia, V. A., Vieira, S. A., Arantes da Silva, L. C., Araujo-Murakami, A., Arets, E., Astigarraga, J., Baccaro, F., Baker, T., ... Pugh T. A. M. (2024). The pace of life for forest trees. Science, 386(6717), 92–98.
  3. Brand, S. (2009). Whole Earth discipline: An ecopragmatist manifesto. Viking Adult Press.
  4. Cannon, C. H., Piovesan, G., & Munné-Bosch, S. (2022). Old and ancient trees are life history lottery winners and vital evolutionary resources for long-term adaptive capacity. Nature Plants, 8(2), 136–45. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-021-01088-5
  5. Chiti, E., & Piovesan, G. (2026). Who’s afraid of strict protection? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, e70025. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.70025
  6. Guilley, E., Mothe, F., & Nepveu, G. (2002). A procedure based on conditional probabilities to estimate proportions and densities of tissues from X-ray images of Quercus petraea samples. IAWA Journal, 23(3), 235–52. https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000301
  7. Kobayashi, Y., & Akasaka, M. (2025). Tree species adapted to colder and drier climates have a reduced likelihood of reaching their potential maximum lifespan. Nature Ecology & Evolution.
  8. Lanner, R. M., & Connor, K. F. (2001). Does bristlecone pine senesce? Experimental Gerontology, 36 (4–6), 675–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0531-5565(00)00234-5
  9. Larson, D. W., Matthes, U., Gerrath, J. A., Gerrath, J. M., Nekola, J. C., Walker, G. L., Porembski, S., Charlton, A., & Larson, N. W. K. (1999). Ancient stunted trees on cliffs. Nature, 398(6726), 382–383. https://doi.org/10.1038/18800
  10. Lindenmayer, D. B., & Laurance, W. F. (2017). The ecology, distribution, conservation and management of large old trees. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 92(3), 1434–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12290
  11. Lindenmayer, D. B., Laurance, W. F., & Franklin, J. F. (2012). Global decline in large old trees. Science, 338, 1305. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1231070
  12. Luyssaert, S., Schulze, E.-D., Börner, A., Knohl, A., Hessenmöller, D., Law, B. E., Ciais, P., & Grace, J. (2008). Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks. Nature, 455(7210), 213–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07276
  13. Mu, Y., Lindenmayer, D., Zheng, S., Yang, Y., Wang, D., & Liu, J. (2023). Size-focused conservation may fail to protect the world’s oldest trees. Current Biology, 33(21), 4641-4649.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.046
  14. Pasques, O., & Munné-Bosch, S. (2023). Physiological mechanisms underlying extreme longevity in mountain pine trees. Plant Physiology, 191(2), 974–85. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiac540
  15. Piovesan, G., Cannon, C. H., Liu, J., & Munné-Bosch, S. (2022). Ancient trees: Irreplaceable conservation resource for ecosystem restoration. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.09.003
  16. Qiu, T., Aravena, M.-C., Andrus, R., Ascoli, D., Bergeron, Y., Berretti, R., Bogdziewicz, M., Boivin, T., Bonal, R., Caignard, T., Calama, R., Camarero, J. J., Clark, C. J., Courbaud, B., Delzon, S., Donoso Calderón, S., Farfan-Rios, W., Gehring, C. A., Gilbert, G. S., ... Clark, J. S. (2021). Is there tree senescence? The fecundity evidence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(34). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106130118
  17. Robin Hood’s world-famous Major Oak is dead. Here’s what happened to the 1,200-year-old tree. (2026, June 18). Countryfile.com. https://www.countryfile.com/wildlife/trees-plants/robin-hood-world-famous-major-oak-is-dead
  18. Satake, A., Imai, R., Fujino, T., Tomimoto, S., Ohta, K., Na’iem, M., Indrioko, S., Widiyatno, W., Purnomo, S., Molla Morales, A., Nizhynska, V., Tani, N., Suyama, Y., Sasaki, E., & Kasahara, M. (2024). Somatic mutation rates scale with time not growth rate in long-lived tropical trees. eLife, 12. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.88456
  19. Schmitt, S., Heuret, P., Troispoux, V., Beraud, M., Cazal, J., Chancerel, É., Cravero, C., Guichoux, E., Lepais, O., Loureiro, J., Marande, W., Martin-Ducup, O., Vincent, G., Chave, J., Plomion, C., Leroy, T., Heuertz, M., & Tysklind, N. (2024). Low-frequency somatic mutations are heritable in tropical trees Dicorynia guianensis and Sextonia rubra. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(10), e2313312121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2313312121
  20. Shigo, A. L. (1984). A new tree biology: A treatise on the life and death of trees and wood. Shigo and Trees Associates.
  21. Smith, S. A., Pease, B., Carruthers, T., Bradburd, G. S., Huegele, I. B., Stull, G. W., Weaver, W. N., Yang, Y., Yi, T.-S., & Beaulieu, J. M. (2025). Longevity in plants impacts phylogenetic and population dynamics. The New Phytologist. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70654
  22. Spicer, R., & Holbrook, N. M. (2007). Parenchyma cell respiration and survival in secondary xylem: Does metabolic activity decline with cell age? Plant, Cell & Environment, 30(8), 934–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01677.x
  23. Taxel, I. (2023). Towards an integration of historical trees into the Mediterranean archaeological record: Case studies from Central Israel. Environmental Archaeology, 28(2), 86–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/14614103.2021.1877512
  24. Turner, S. D., Keyte, A., Pask, A., & Shapiro, B. (2025). De-extinction technology and its application to conservation. The Journal of Heredity. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esaf069
  25. Watson, J. E. M., Evans, T., Venter, O., Williams, B., Tulloch, A., Stewart, C., Thompson, I., Ray, J. C., Murray, K., Salazar, A., McAlpine, C., Potapov, P., Walston, J., Robinson, J. G., Painter, M., Wilkie, D., Filardi, C., Laurance, W. F., Houghton, R. A., . . . Lindenmayer, D. (2018). The exceptional value of intact forest ecosystems. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2(4), 599–610. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0490-x
  26. Zimmermann, M. H., & Brown, C. L. (1974). Trees: Structure and function (1st ed.). Springer.